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Yes, you can replace only the countertop while keeping your existing vanity cabinet if it remains structurally sound. Before proceeding, verify that your cabinet can support the weight of your chosen material, particularly for heavier options like granite or quartz. 

Ensure any new sink cutouts will align properly with your cabinet configuration. Changing sink size or style may require cabinet modifications and additional plumbing work.

To minimize bathroom countertop replacement costs, consider economical materials like laminate or cultured marble while maintaining your existing layout. Utilizing pre-fabricated countertop slabs, checking fabricators for remnant pieces, or refinishing your current surface can reduce expenses significantly. 

Taking on demolition yourself may lower labor costs, though weigh potential savings against the risk of improper removal causing cabinet damage or other complications.

Most straightforward bathroom countertop replacements require one to two days of active installation after materials arrive. However, the complete process, including initial measurements, material fabrication (especially for custom pieces), and scheduling, spans two to three weeks. 

Factors like plumbing relocations, unexpected structural issues, or specialty material orders can extend this timeline. Simple vanity replacements with readily available materials progress more quickly than complex custom installations.